Print roll core with internal ink storage

ABSTRACT

A print roll unit includes an elongate core defining a plurality of elongate ink chambers for each storing a respective type of ink. A roll of print media includes a tubular former in which the core can be received and a length of print media which is wound upon the former. A housing includes a pair of molded covers which can be fastened together in a releasable manner to house the roll of print media.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/336,773 filed Jan. 23, 2006, which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/144,805 filed Jun. 6, 2005, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,086,724, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/831,236 filed Apr. 26, 2004, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,077,515, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/112,743 filed on Jul. 10, 1998, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,727,951, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to digital cameras and in particular, the onboard processing of image data captured by the camera.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Recently, digital cameras have become increasingly popular. These cameras normally operate by means of imaging a desired image utilising a charge coupled device (CCD) array and storing the imaged scene on an electronic storage medium for later down loading onto a computer system for subsequent manipulation and printing out. Normally, when utilising a computer system to print out an image, sophisticated software may available to manipulate the image in accordance with requirements.

Unfortunately such systems require significant post processing of a captured image and normally present the image in an orientation to which it was taken, relying on the post processing process to perform any necessary or required modifications of the captured image. Also, much of the environmental information available when the picture was taken is lost. Furthermore, the type or size of the media substrate and the types of ink used to print the image can also affect the image quality. Accounting for these factors during post processing of the captured image data can be complex and time consuming.

The present Applicant addresses these issues with a digital camera having an image processor takes account of the lighting conditions at the time of image capture, and confirms the type of ink and media, in order to enhance the quality of the printed image. This camera is described below and in many of the cross referenced documents incorporated herein by reference.

One particular feature of this camera is the instant production of personalised postcards using an inbuilt printhead. This requires a media cartridge that holds a reasonable amount of print media while remaining compact enough to keep the overall dimensions of the camera and cartridge acceptable to users.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention provides a media cartridge for supplying print media to a printhead, the cartridge comprising:

a roll of print media;

a casing with a rotatable core for supporting the media roll;

an ink supply within the core;

at least one ink outlet at one end of the core for establishing fluid communication between the ink supply and the printhead;

a drive roller assembly for engaging an external drive to feed the print media to the printhead; wherein,

the longitudinal axes of the core, and rollers of the drive roller assembly are parallel.

A media cartridge adopting this design is particularly compact, has a high media and ink capacity and relatively cost effective to manufacture. The majority of the components can be made from injection molded plastics and snap fitted together.

In some embodiments, the core is segmented with different coloured inks stored in each of the segments, wherein each of the segments has a respective ink outlet in the end of the core.

Preferably, the drive roller assembly comprises at least one media de-curling roller; such that,

as the media is fed to the printhead, it wraps around a portion of the at least one de-curling roller to remove residual curl caused by storage as a roll.

Providing the media in a roll allows the cartridge to be small and compact. However, the curl imparted to the media from being stored as a roll can interfere with printing when the media substrate passes the printhead. Using a de-curling roller within the drive rollers can straighten the media enough for flat engagement with the platen opposite the printhead.

The invention will be described with respect to its use with a digital camera with an inbuilt printhead. However, it will be appreciated that this is merely illustrative and the invention has clear application in many other fields.

Preferably, the cartridge has one de-curling roller and two pinch rollers, wherein the pinch rollers maintain the media substrate wrapped around the required portion of the de-curling roller. In a further preferred form, one of the pinch rollers is driven. In some forms, the driven pinch roller has a geared axle that extends beyond the casing for engagement with an external drive source via a corresponding gear.

Preferably, and an outer cover enclosing the roll and the drive roller assembly, the outer cover comprising two interengaging side moldings that snap lock together to form a media outlet slot adjacent the drive roller assembly. Preferably, one side of the slot has a resilient guide extending away from the slot for resilient engagement with a paper path leading to the printhead upon installation of the cartridge. In particular embodiments, the printhead is controlled by an image processor and the cartridge further comprises an authentication chip for confirming the suitability of the ink and the media to the image processor.

In a particularly preferred form, the cartridge is configured for engagement with a cartridge interface such that the ink outlets establish fluid communication with the printhead, the image processor accesses the authentication chip, the geared axle of the drive roller engages the external drive and the resilient guide extending from the outlet slot engages the paper feed path, in a single installation action.

According to a related aspect, there is provided a digital camera for use with a media cartridge comprising a supply of media substrate on which images can be printed, and an information store with information relating to the media substrate, the camera comprising:

an image sensor for capturing an image;

an image processor for processing image data from the image sensor and transmitting processed data to a printhead; and,

a cartridge interface for accessing the information such that the image processor can utilise the information relating to the media substrate.

The camera accesses information about the media substrate so that the image processor can utilise the information to enhance the quality of the printed image.

Preferably, the media substrate has postcard formatting printed on its reverse surface so that the camera can produce personalised postcards, and the information store has the dimensions of the postcard formatting to allow the image processor to align printed images with the postcard formatting.

In a further preferred form the cartridge further comprises an ink supply for the printhead and the information store is an authentication chip that allows the image processor to confirm that the media substrate and the ink supply is suitable for use with the camera.

According to a related aspect, there is provided a digital camera for sensing and storing an image, the camera comprising:

an image sensor with a charge coupled device (CCD) for capturing image data relating to a sensed image, and an auto exposure setting for adjusting the image data captured by the CCD in response to the lighting conditions at image capture; and,

an image processor for processing image data from the CCD and storing the processed data; wherein, the image processor is adapted to use information from the auto exposure setting relating to the lighting conditions at image capture when processing the image data from the CCD.

Utilising the auto exposure setting to determine an advantageous re-mapping of colours within the image allows the processor to produce an amended image having colours within an image transformed to account of the auto exposure setting. The processing can comprise re-mapping image colours so they appear deeper and richer when the exposure setting indicates low light conditions and re-mapping image colours to be brighter and more saturated when the auto exposure setting indicates bright light conditions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings which:

FIG. 1 illustrates the method of operation of the preferred embodiment;

FIG. 2 illustrates a form of print roll ready for purchase by a consumer;

FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view, partly in section, of an alternative form of a print roll;

FIG. 4 is a left side exploded perspective view of the print roll of FIG. 3; and,

FIG. 5 is a right side exploded perspective view of a single print roll.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiment is preferable implemented through suitable programming of a hand held camera device such as that described in the present applicant's application entitled “A Digital Image Printing Camera with Image Processing Capability”, the content of which is hereby specifically incorporated by cross reference and the details of which, and other related applications are set out in the tables below.

The aforementioned patent specification discloses a camera system, hereinafter known as an “Artcam” type camera, wherein sensed images can be directly printed out by an Artcam portable camera unit. Further, the aforementioned specification discloses means and methods for performing various manipulations on images captured by the camera sensing device leading to the production of various effects in any output image. The manipulations are disclosed to be highly flexible in nature and can be implemented through the insertion into the Artcam of cards having encoded thereon various instructions for the manipulation of images, the cards hereinafter being known as Artcards. The Artcam further has significant onboard processing power by an Artcam Central Processor unit (ACP) which is interconnected to a memory device for the storage of important data and images.

In the preferred embodiment, the Artcam has an auto exposure sensor for determining the light level associated with the captured image. This auto exposure sensor is utilised to process the image in accordance with the set light value so as to enhance portions of the image.

Preferably, the area image sensor includes a means for determining the light conditions when capturing an image. The area image sensor adjusts the dynamic range of values captured by the CCD in accordance with the detected level sensor. The captured image is transferred to the Artcam central processor and stored in the memory store. Intensity information, as determined by the area image sensor, is also forwarded to the ACP. This information is utilised by the Artcam central processor to manipulate the stored image to enhance certain effects.

Turning now to FIG. 1, the auto exposure setting information 1 is utilised in conjunction with the stored image 2 to process the image by utilising the ACP. The processed image is returned to the memory store for later printing out 4 on the output printer.

A number of processing steps can be undertaken in accordance with the determined light conditions. Where the auto exposure setting 1 indicates that the image was taken in a low light condition, the image pixel colours are selectively re-mapped so as to make the image colours stronger, deeper and richer.

Where the auto exposure information indicates that highlight conditions were present when the image was taken, the image colours can be processed to make them brighter and more saturated. The re-colouring of the image can be undertaken by conversion of the image to a hue-saturation-value (HSV) format and an alteration of pixel values in accordance with requirements. The pixel values can then be output converted to the required output colour format of printing.

Of course, many different re-colouring techniques may be utilised. Preferably, the techniques are clearly illustrated on the pre-requisite Artcard inserted into the reader. Alternatively, the image processing algorithms can be automatically applied and hard-wired into the camera for utilization in certain conditions.

Alternatively, the Artcard inserted could have a number of manipulations applied to the image which are specific to the auto-exposure setting. For example, clip arts containing candles etc could be inserted in a dark image and large suns inserted in bright images.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 to 5, the Artcam prints the images onto media stored in a replaceable print roll 5. In some preferred embodiments, the operation of the camera device is such that when a series of images is printed on a first surface of the print roll, the corresponding backing surface has a ready made postcard which can be immediately dispatched at the nearest post office box within the jurisdiction. In this way, personalized postcards can be created.

It would be evident that when utilising the postcard system as illustrated FIG. 2 only predetermined image sizes are possible as the synchronization between the backing postcard portion and the front image must be maintained. This can be achieved by utilising the memory portions of the authentication chip stored within the print roll 5 to store details of the length of each postcard backing format sheet. This can be achieved by either having each postcard the same size or by storing each size within the print rolls on-board print chip memory.

In an alternative embodiment, there is provided a modified form of print roll which can be constructed mostly from injection moulded plastic pieces suitably snapped fitted together. The modified form of print roll has a high ink storage capacity in addition to a somewhat simplified construction. The print media onto which the image is to be printed is wrapped around a plastic sleeve former for simplified construction. The ink media reservoir has a series of air vents which are constructed so as to minimise the opportunities for the ink flow out of the air vents. Further, a rubber seal is provided for the ink outlet holes with the rubber seal being pierced on insertion of the print roll into a camera system. Further, the print roll includes a print media ejection slot and the ejection slot includes a surrounding moulded surface which provides and assists in the accurate positioning of the print media ejection slot relative to the printhead within the printing or camera system.

Turning to FIG. 3 there is illustrated a single point roll unit 5 in an assembled form with a partial cutaway showing internal portions of the print roll. FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 illustrate left and right side exploded perspective views respectively. The print roll 5 is constructed around the internal core portion 6 which contains an internal ink supply. Outside of the core portion 6 is provided a former 7 around which is wrapped a paper or film supply 8. Around the paper supply it is constructed two cover pieces 9, 10 which snap together around the print roll so as to form a covering unit as illustrated in FIG. 3. The bottom cover piece 10 includes a slot 11 through which the output of the print media 12 for interconnection with the camera system.

Two pinch rollers 13, 14 are provided to pinch the paper against a drive pinch roller 15 so they together provide for a decurling of the paper around the roller 15. The decurling acts to negate the strong curl that may be imparted to the paper from being stored in the form of print roll for an extended period of time. The rollers 13, 14 are provided to form a snap fit with end portions of the cover base portion 10 and the roller 15 which includes a cogged end 16 for driving, snap fits into the upper cover piece 9 so as to pinch the paper 12 firmly between.

The cover pieces 9, 10 includes an end protuberance or lip 17. The end lip 17 is provided for accurate alignment of the exit hole of the paper with a corresponding printing heat platen structure within the camera system. In this way, accurate alignment or positioning of the exiting paper relative to an adjacent printhead is provided for full guidance of the paper to the printhead.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

The present invention is best utilized in the Artcam device, the details of which are set out in the following paragraphs.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal inkjet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal inkjet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric inkjet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per print head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewide print heads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the inkjet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new inkjet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the inkjet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. 45 different inkjet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table below.

The inkjet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the print head is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the print head is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the inkjet type. The smallest print head designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The print heads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the print head by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The print head is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

Cross-Referenced Applications

The following table is a guide to cross-referenced patent applications filed concurrently herewith and discussed hereinafter with the reference being utilized in subsequent tables when referring to a particular case: Docket No. Reference Title IJ01US IJ01 Radiant Plunger Ink Jet Printer IJ02US IJ02 Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer IJ03US IJ03 Planar Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet IJ04US IJ04 Stacked Electrostatic Ink Jet Printer IJ05US IJ05 Reverse Spring Lever Ink Jet Printer IJ06US IJ06 Paddle Type Ink Jet Printer IJ07US IJ07 Permanent Magnet Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ08US IJ08 Planar Swing Grill Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ09US IJ09 Pump Action Refill Ink Jet Printer IJ10US IJ10 Pulsed Magnetic Field Ink Jet Printer IJ11US IJ11 Two Plate Reverse Firing Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ12US IJ12 Linear Stepper Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ13US IJ13 Gear Driven Shutter Ink Jet Printer IJ14US IJ14 Tapered Magnetic Pole Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ15US IJ15 Linear Spring Electromagnetic Grill Ink Jet Printer IJ16US IJ16 Lorenz Diaphragm Electromagnetic Ink Jet Printer IJ17US IJ17 PTFE Surface Shooting Shuttered Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet Printer IJ18US IJ18 Buckle Grip Oscillating Pressure Ink Jet Printer IJ19US IJ19 Shutter Based Ink Jet Printer IJ20US IJ20 Curling Calyx Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printer IJ21US IJ21 Thermal Actuated Ink Jet Printer IJ22US IJ22 Iris Motion Ink Jet Printer IJ23US IJ23 Direct Firing Thermal Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ24US IJ24 Conductive PTFE Ben Activator Vented Ink Jet Printer IJ25US IJ25 Magnetostrictive Ink Jet Printer IJ26US IJ26 Shape Memory Alloy Ink Jet Printer IJ27US IJ27 Buckle Plate Ink Jet Printer IJ28US IJ28 Thermal Elastic Rotary Impeller Ink Jet Printer IJ29US IJ29 Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Ink Jet Printer IJ30US IJ30 Thermoelastic Bend Actuator Using PTFE and Corrugated Copper Ink Jet Printer IJ31US IJ31 Bend Actuator Direct Ink Supply Ink Jet Printer IJ32US IJ32 A High Young's Modulus Thermoelastic Ink Jet Printer IJ33US IJ33 Thermally actuated slotted chamber wall ink jet printer IJ34US IJ34 Ink Jet Printer having a thermal actuator comprising an external coiled spring IJ35US IJ35 Trough Container Ink Jet Printer IJ36US IJ36 Dual Chamber Single Vertical Actuator Ink Jet IJ37US IJ37 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Fulcrum Actuator Ink Jet IJ38US IJ38 Dual Nozzle Single Horizontal Actuator Ink Jet IJ39US IJ39 A single bend actuator cupped paddle ink jet printing device IJ40US IJ40 A thermally actuated ink jet printer having a series of thermal actuator units IJ41US IJ41 A thermally actuated ink jet printer including a tapered heater element IJ42US IJ42 Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ43US IJ43 Inverted Radial Back-Curling Thermoelastic Ink Jet IJ44US IJ44 Surface bend actuator vented ink supply ink jet printer IJ45US IJ45 Coil Acutuated Magnetic Plate Ink Jet Printer Tables of Drop-On-Demand Inkjets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual inkjet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of inkjet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of inkjet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable inkjet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain inkjet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 above.

Other inkjet configurations can readily be derived from these 45 examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into inkjet print heads with characteristics superior to any currently available inkjet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, a printer may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables. ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Actuator Mechanism Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Thermal bubble An electrothermal heater heats the ink to Large force generated High power Canon Bubblejet 1979 above boiling point, transferring Simple construction Ink carrier limited to water Endo et al GB patent significant heat to the aqueous ink. A No moving parts Low efficiency 2,007,162 bubble nucleates and quickly forms, Fast operation High temperatures required Xerox heater-in-pit 1990 expelling the ink. Small chip area required for High mechanical stress Hawkins et al U.S. Pat. No. The efficiency of the process is low, with actuator Unusual materials required 4,899,181 typically less than 0.05% of the electrical Large drive transistors Hewlett-Packard TIJ 1982 energy being transformed into kinetic Cavitation causes actuator failure Vaught et al U.S. Pat. No. energy of the drop. Kogation reduces bubble formation 4,490,728 Large print heads are difficult to fabricate Piezoelectric A piezoelectric crystal such as lead Low power consumption Very large area required for actuator Kyser et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,398 lanthanum zirconate (PZT) is electrically Many ink types can be used Difficult to integrate with electronics Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,212 activated, and either expands, shears, or Fast operation High voltage drive transistors required 1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No. bends to apply pressure to the ink, High efficiency Full pagewidth print heads impractical due to 3,747,120 ejecting drops. actuator size Epson Stylus Requires electrical poling in high field Tektronix strengths during manufacture IJ04 Electro-strictive An electric field is used to activate Low power consumption Low maximum strain (approx. 0.01%) Seiko Epson, Usui et all JP electrostriction in relaxor materials such Many ink types can be used Large area required for actuator due to low 253401/96 as lead lanthanum zirconate titanate Low thermal expansion strain IJ04 (PLZT) or lead magnesium niobate Electric field strength required Response speed is marginal (˜10 μs) (PMN). (approx. 3.5 V/μm) can be High voltage drive transistors required generated without difficulty Full pagewidth print heads impractical due to Does not require electrical poling actuator size Ferroelectric An electric field is used to induce a Low power consumption Difficult to integrate with electronics IJ04 phase transition between the Many ink types can be used Unusual materials such as PLZSnT are antiferroelectric (AFE) and ferroelectric Fast operation (<1 μs) required (FE) phase. Perovskite materials such as Relatively high longitudinal strain Actuators require a large area tin modified lead lanthanum zirconate High efficiency titanate (PLZSnT) exhibit large strains of Electric field strength of around 3 V/μm can up to 1% associated with the AFE to FE be readily provided phase transition. Electrostatic Conductive plates are separated by a Low power consumption Difficult to operate electrostatic devices in an IJ02, IJ04 plates compressible or fluid dielectric (usually Many ink types can be used aqueous environment air). Upon application of a voltage, the Fast operation The electrostatic actuator will normally need plates attract each other and displace ink, to be separated from the ink causing drop ejection. The conductive Very large area required to achieve high plates may be in a comb or honeycomb forces structure, or stacked to increase the High voltage drive transistors may be required surface area and therefore the force. Full pagewidth print heads are not competitive due to actuator size Electrostatic A strong electric field is applied to the Low current consumption High voltage required 1989 Saito et al, U.S. Pat. No. pull on ink ink, whereupon electrostatic attraction Low temperature May be damaged by sparks due to air 4,799,068 accelerates the ink towards the print breakdown 1989 Miura et al, U.S. Pat. No. medium. Required field strength increases as the drop 4,810,954 size decreases Tone-jet High voltage drive transistors required Electrostatic field attracts dust Permanent An electromagnet directly attracts a Low power consumption Complex fabrication IJ07, IJ10 magnet electromagnetic permanent magnet, displacing ink and Many ink types can be used Permanent magnetic material such as causing drop ejection. Rare earth Fast operation Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) required. magnets with a field strength around 1 High efficiency High local currents required Tesla can be used. Examples are: Easy extension from single Copper metalization should be used for long Samarium Cobalt (SaCo) and magnetic nozzles to pagewidth print electromigration lifetime and low materials in the neodymium iron boron heads resistivity family (NdFeB, NdDyFeBNb, Pigmented inks are usually infeasible NdDyFeB, etc) Operating temperature limited to the Curie temperature (around 540 K) Soft magnetic A solenoid induced a magnetic field in a Low power consumption Complex fabrication IJ01, IJ05, IJ08, IJ10 core electromagnetic soft magnetic core or yoke fabricated Many ink types can be used Materials not usually present in a CMOS fab IJ12, IJ14, IJ15, IJ17 from a ferrous material such as Fast operation such as NiFe, CoNiFe, or CoFe are electroplated iron alloys such as CoNiFe High efficiency required [1], CoFe, or NiFe alloys. Typically, the Easy extension from single High local currents required soft magnetic material is in two parts, nozzles to pagewidth print Copper metalization should be used for long which are normally held apart by a heads electromigration lifetime and low spring. When the solenoid is actuated, resistivity the two parts attract, displacing the ink. Electroplating is required High saturation flux density is required (2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1]) Magnetic The Lorenz force acting on a current Low power consumption Force acts as a twisting motion IJ06, IJ11, IJ13, IJ16 Lorenz force carrying wire in a magnetic field is Many ink types can be used Typically, only a quarter of the solenoid utilized. Fast operation length provides force in a useful direction This allows the magnetic field to be High efficiency High local currents required supplied externally to the print head, for Easy extension from single Copper metalization should be used for long example with rare earth permanent nozzles to pagewidth print electromigration lifetime and low magnets. heads resistivity Only the current carrying wire need be Pigmented inks are usually infeasible fabricated on the print-head, simplifying materials requirements. Magnetostriction The actuator uses the giant Many ink types can be used Force acts as a twisting motion Fischenbeck, U.S. Pat. No. magnetostrictive effect of materials such Fast operation Unusual materials such as Terfenol-D are 4,032,929 as Terfenol-D (an alloy of terbium, Easy extension from single required IJ25 dysprosium and iron developed at the nozzles to pagewidth print High local currents required Naval Ordnance Laboratory, hence Ter- heads Copper metalization should be used for long Fe-NOL). For best efficiency, the High force is available electromigration lifetime and low actuator should be pre-stressed to resistivity approx. 8 MPa. Pre-stressing may be required Surface tension Ink under positive pressure is held in a Low power consumption Requires supplementary force to effect drop Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 reduction nozzle by surface tension. The surface Simple construction separation A2 and related patent tension of the ink is reduced below the No unusual materials required in Requires special ink surfactants applications bubble threshold, causing the ink to fabrication Speed may be limited by surfactant properties egress from the nozzle. High efficiency Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink viscosity is locally reduced to Simple construction Requires supplementary force to effect drop Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 reduction select which drops are to be ejected. A No unusual materials required in separation A2 and related patent viscosity reduction can be achieved fabrication Requires special ink viscosity properties applications electrothermally with most inks, but Easy extension from single High speed is difficult to achieve special inks can be engineered for a nozzles to pagewidth print Requires oscillating ink pressure 100:1 viscosity reduction. heads A high temperature difference (typically 80 degrees) is required Acoustic An acoustic wave is generated and Can operate without a nozzle Complex drive circuitry 1993 Hadimioglu et al, focussed upon the drop ejection region. plate Complex fabrication EUP 550,192 Low efficiency 1993 Elrod et al, EUP Poor control of drop position 572,220 Poor control of drop volume Thermoelastic An actuator which relies upon Low power consumption Efficient aqueous operation requires a thermal IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, IJ18 bend actuator differential thermal expansion upon Many ink types can be used insulator on the hot side IJ19, IJ20, IJ21, IJ22 Joule heating is used. Simple planar fabrication Corrosion prevention can be difficult IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28 Small chip area required for each Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as pigment IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 actuator particles may jam the bend actuator IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 Fast operation IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 High efficiency IJ41 CMOS compatible voltages and currents Standard MEMS processes can be used Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads High CTE A material with a very high coefficient of High force can be generated Requires special material (e.g. PTFE) IJ09, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 thermoelastic thermal expansion (CTE) such as PTFE is a candidate for low Requires a PTFE deposition process, which is IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24 actuator polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is used. dielectric constant insulation in not yet standard in ULSI fabs IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30 As high CTE materials are usually non- ULSI PTFE deposition cannot be followed with high IJ31, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 conductive, a heater fabricated from a Very low power consumption temperature (above 350° C.) processing conductive material is incorporated. A 50 μm Many ink types can be used Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as pigment long PTFE bend actuator with Simple planar fabrication particles may jam the bend actuator polysilicon heater and 15 mW power Small chip area required for each input can provide 180 μN force and 10 μm actuator deflection. Actuator motions include: Fast operation 1) Bend High efficiency 2) Push CMOS compatible voltages and 3) Buckle currents 4) Rotate Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Conductive A polymer with a high coefficient of High force can be generated Requires special materials development (High IJ24 polymer thermal expansion (such as PTFE) is Very low power consumption CTE conductive polymer) thermoelastic doped with conducting substances to Many ink types can be used Requires a PTFE deposition process, which is actuator increase its conductivity to about 3 Simple planar fabrication not yet standard in ULSI fabs orders of magnitude below that of Small chip area required for each PTFE deposition cannot be followed with high copper. The conducting polymer expands actuator temperature (above 350° C.) processing when resistively heated. Fast operation Evaporation and CVD deposition techniques Examples of conducting dopants include: High efficiency cannot be used 1) Carbon nanotubes CMOS compatible voltages and Pigmented inks may be infeasible, as pigment 2) Metal fibers currents particles may jam the bend actuator 3) Conductive polymers such as doped Easy extension from single polythiophene nozzles to pagewidth print 4) Carbon granules heads Shape memory A shape memory alloy such as TiNi (also High force is available (stresses of Fatigue limits maximum number of cycles IJ26 alloy known as Nitinol - Nickel Titanium alloy hundreds of MPa) Low strain (1%) is required to extend fatigue developed at the Naval Ordnance Large strain is available (more resistance Laboratory) is thermally switched than 3%) Cycle rate limited by heat removal between its weak martensitic state and its High corrosion resistance Requires unusual materials (TiNi) high stiffness austenic state. The shape of Simple construction The latent heat of transformation must be the actuator in its martensitic state is Easy extension from single provided deformed relative to the austenic shape. nozzles to pagewidth print High current operation The shape change causes ejection of a heads Requires pre-stressing to distort the drop. Low voltage operation martensitic state Linear Magnetic Linear magnetic actuators include the Linear Magnetic actuators can be Requires unusual semiconductor materials IJ12 Actuator Linear Induction Actuator (LIA), Linear constructed with high thrust, such as soft magnetic alloys (e.g. CoNiFe Permanent Magnet Synchronous long travel, and high efficiency [1]) Actuator (LPMSA), Linear Reluctance using planar semiconductor Some varieties also require permanent Synchronous Actuator (LRSA), Linear fabrication techniques magnetic materials such as Neodymium Switched Reluctance Actuator (LSRA), Long actuator travel is available iron boron (NdFeB) and the Linear Stepper Actuator (LSA). Medium force is available Requires complex multi-phase drive circuitry Low voltage operation High current operation

BASIC OPERATION MODE Operational mode Description Advantages Actuator directly This is the simplest mode of operation: Simple operation pushes ink the actuator directly supplies sufficient No external fields required kinetic energy to expel the drop. The Satellite drops can be avoided if drop must have a sufficient velocity to drop velocity is less than 4 m/s overcome the surface tension. Can be efficient, depending upon the actuator used Proximity The drops to be printed are selected by Very simple print head fabrication some manner (e.g. thermally induced can be used surface tension reduction of pressurized The drop selection means does ink). Selected drops are separated from not need to provide the energy the ink in the nozzle by contact with the required to separate the drop print medium or a transfer roller. from the nozzle Electrostatic The drops to be printed are selected by Very simple print head fabrication pull on ink some manner (e.g. thermally induced can be used surface tension reduction of pressurized The drop selection means does ink). Selected drops are separated from not need to provide the energy the ink in the nozzle by a strong electric required to separate the drop field. from the nozzle Magnetic pull on The drops to be printed are selected by Very simple print head fabrication ink some manner (e.g. thermally induced can be used surface tension reduction of pressurized The drop selection means does ink). Selected drops are separated from not need to provide the energy the ink in the nozzle by a strong required to separate the drop magnetic field acting on the magnetic from the nozzle ink. Shutter The actuator moves a shutter to block ink High speed (>50 KHz) operation flow to the nozzle. The ink pressure is can be achieved due to reduced pulsed at a multiple of the drop ejection refill time frequency. Drop timing can be very accurate The actuator energy can be very low Shuttered grill The actuator moves a shutter to block ink Actuators with small travel can be flow through a grill to the nozzle. The used shutter movement need only be equal to Actuators with small force can be the width of the grill holes. used High speed (>50 KHz) operation can be achieved Pulsed magnetic A pulsed magnetic field attracts an ‘ink Extremely low energy operation pull on ink pusher’ at the drop ejection frequency. is possible pusher An actuator controls a catch, which No heat dissipation problems prevents the ink pusher from moving when a drop is not to be ejected. Operational mode Disadvantages Examples Actuator directly Drop repetition rate is usually limited to less Thermal inkjet pushes ink than 10 KHz. However, this is not Piezoelectric inkjet fundamental to the method, but is related to IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, IJ04 the refill method normally used IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ09 All of the drop kinetic energy must be IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ16 provided by the actuator IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24 Satellite drops usually form if drop velocity is IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28 greater than 4.5 m/s IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40 IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Proximity Requires close proximity between the print Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 head and the print media or transfer roller and related patent May require two print heads printing alternate applications rows of the image Monolithic color print heads are difficult Electrostatic Requires very high electrostatic field Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 pull on ink Electrostatic field for small nozzle sizes is A2 and related patent above air breakdown applications Electrostatic field may attract dust Tone-Jet Magnetic pull on Requires magnetic ink Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 ink Ink colors other than black are difficult A2 and related patent Requires very high magnetic fields applications Shutter Moving parts are required IJ13, IJ17, IJ21 Requires ink pressure modulator Friction and wear must be considered Stiction is possible Shuttered grill Moving parts are required IJ08, IJ15, IJ18, IJ19 Requires ink pressure modulator Friction and wear must be considered Stiction is possible Pulsed magnetic Requires an external pulsed magnetic field IJ10 pull on ink Requires special materials for both the pusher actuator and the ink pusher Complex construction

AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) Auxiliary Mechanism Description Advantages None The actuator directly fires the ink drop, Simplicity of construction and there is no external field or other Simplicity of operation mechanism required. Small physical size Oscillating ink The ink pressure oscillates, providing Oscillating ink pressure can pressure much of the drop ejection energy. The provide a refill pulse, allowing (including actuator selects which drops are to be higher operating speed acoustic fired by selectively blocking or enabling The actuators may operate with stimulation) nozzles. The ink pressure oscillation may much lower energy be achieved by vibrating the print head, Acoustic lenses can be used to or preferably by an actuator in the ink focus the sound on the nozzles supply. Media proximity The print head is placed in close Low power proximity to the print medium. Selected High accuracy drops protrude from the print head Simple print head construction further than unselected drops, and contact the print medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop separation. Transfer roller Drops are printed to a transfer roller High accuracy instead of straight to the print medium. A Wide range of print substrates can transfer roller can also be used for be used proximity drop separation. Ink can be dried on the transfer roller Electrostatic An electric field is used to accelerate Low power selected drops towards the print medium. Simple print head construction Direct magnetic A magnetic field is used to accelerate Low power field selected drops of magnetic ink towards Simple print head construction the print medium. Cross magnetic The print head is placed in a constant Does not require magnetic field magnetic field. The Lorenz force in a materials to be integrated in current carrying wire is used to move the the print head manufacturing actuator. process Pulsed magnetic A pulsed magnetic field is used to Very low power operation is field cyclically attract a paddle, which pushes possible on the ink. A small actuator moves a Small print head size catch, which selectively prevents the paddle from moving. Auxiliary Mechanism Disadvantages Examples None Drop ejection energy must be supplied by Most inkjets, including individual nozzle actuator piezoelectric and thermal bubble. IJ01-IJ07, IJ09, IJ11 IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22 IJ23-IJ45 Oscillating ink Requires external ink pressure oscillator Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 pressure Ink pressure phase and amplitude must be A2 and related patent (including carefully controlled applications acoustic Acoustic reflections in the ink chamber must IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 stimulation) be designed for IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 Media proximity Precision assembly required Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 Paper fibers may cause problems and related patent Cannot print on rough substrates applications Transfer roller Bulky Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 Expensive A2 and related patent Complex construction applications Tektronix hot melt piezoelectric inkjet Any of the IJ series Electrostatic Field strength required for separation of small Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 drops is near or above air breakdown A2 and related patent applications Tone-Jet Direct magnetic Requires magnetic ink Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 field Requires strong magnetic field A2 and related patent applications Cross magnetic Requires external magnet IJ06, IJ16 field Current densities may be high, resulting in electromigration problems Pulsed magnetic Complex print head construction IJ10 field Magnetic materials required in print head

ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD Actuator amplification Description Advantages None No actuator mechanical amplification is Operational simplicity used. The actuator directly drives the drop ejection process. Differential An actuator material expands more on Provides greater travel in a expansion bend one side than on the other. The reduced print head area actuator expansion may be thermal, piezoelectric, The bend actuator converts a high magnetostrictive, or other mechanism. force low travel actuator mechanism to high travel, lower force mechanism. Transient bend A trilayer bend actuator where the two Very good temperature stability actuator outside layers are identical. This cancels High speed, as a new drop can be bend due to ambient temperature and fired before heat dissipates residual stress. The actuator only Cancels residual stress of responds to transient heating of one side formation or the other. Actuator stack A series of thin actuators are stacked. Increased travel This can be appropriate where actuators Reduced drive voltage require high electric field strength, such as electrostatic and piezoelectric actuators. Multiple Multiple smaller actuators are used Increases the force available from actuators simultaneously to move the ink. Each an actuator actuator need provide only a portion of Multiple actuators can be the force required. positioned to control ink flow accurately Linear Spring A linear spring is used to transform a Matches low travel actuator with motion with small travel and high force higher travel requirements into a longer travel, lower force motion. Non-contact method of motion transformation Reverse spring The actuator loads a spring. When the Better coupling to the ink actuator is turned off, the spring releases. This can reverse the force/distance curve of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time requirements of the drop ejection. Coiled actuator A bend actuator is coiled to provide Increases travel greater travel in a reduced chip area. Reduces chip area Planar implementations are relatively easy to fabricate. Flexure bend A bend actuator has a small region near Simple means of increasing travel actuator the fixture point, which flexes much of a bend actuator more readily than the remainder of the actuator. The actuator flexing is effectively converted from an even coiling to an angular bend, resulting in greater travel of the actuator tip. Gears Gears can be used to increase travel at Low force, low travel actuators the expense of duration. Circular gears, can be used rack and pinion, ratchets, and other Can be fabricated using standard gearing methods can be used. surface MEMS processes Catch The actuator controls a small catch. The Very low actuator energy catch either enables or disables Very small actuator size movement of an ink pusher that is controlled in a bulk manner. Buckle plate A buckle plate can be used to change a Very fast movement achievable slow actuator into a fast motion. It can also convert a high force, low travel actuator into a high travel, medium force motion. Tapered A tapered magnetic pole can increase Linearizes the magnetic magnetic pole travel at the expense of force. force/distance curve Lever A lever and fulcrum is used to transform Matches low travel actuator with a motion with small travel and high force higher travel requirements into a motion with longer travel and Fulcrum area has no linear lower force. The lever can also reverse movement, and can be used for the direction of travel. a fluid seal Rotary impeller The actuator is connected to a rotary High mechanical advantage impeller. A small angular deflection of The ratio of force to travel of the the actuator results in a rotation of the actuator can be matched to the impeller vanes, which push the ink nozzle requirements by against stationary vanes and out of the varying the number of impeller nozzle. vanes Acoustic lens A refractive or diffractive (e.g. zone No moving parts plate) acoustic lens is used to concentrate sound waves. Sharp A sharp point is used to concentrate an Simple construction conductive electrostatic field. point Actuator amplification Disadvantages Examples None Many actuator mechanisms have insufficient Thermal Bubble Inkjet travel, or insufficient force, to efficiently IJ01, IJ02, IJ06, IJ07 drive the drop ejection process IJ16, IJ25, IJ26 Differential High stresses are involved Piezoelectric expansion bend Care must be taken that the materials do not IJ03, IJ09, IJ17-IJ24 actuator delaminate IJ27, IJ29-IJ39, IJ42, Residual bend resulting from high temperature IJ43, IJ44 or high stress during formation Transient bend High stresses are involved IJ40, IJ41 actuator Care must be taken that the materials do not delaminate Actuator stack Increased fabrication complexity Some piezoelectric ink jets Increased possibility of short circuits due to IJ04 pinholes Multiple Actuator forces may not add linearly, reducing IJ12, IJ13, IJ18, IJ20 actuators efficiency IJ22, IJ28, IJ42, IJ43 Linear Spring Requires print head area for the spring IJ15 Reverse spring Fabrication complexity IJ05, IJ11 High stress in the spring Coiled actuator Generally restricted to planar implementations IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 due to extreme fabrication difficulty in other orientations. Flexure bend Care must be taken not to exceed the elastic IJ10, IJ19, IJ33 actuator limit in the flexure area Stress distribution is very uneven Difficult to accurately model with finite element analysis Gears Moving parts are required IJ13 Several actuator cycles are required More complex drive electronics Complex construction Friction, friction, and wear are possible Catch Complex construction IJ10 Requires external force Unsuitable for pigmented inks Buckle plate Must stay within elastic limits of the materials for S. Hirata et al, “An Ink-jet long device life Head . . . ”, Proc. IEEE High stresses involved MEMS, February 1996, pp Generally high power requirement 418-423. IJ18, IJ27 Tapered Complex construction IJ14 magnetic pole Lever High stress around the fulcrum IJ32, IJ36, IJ37 Rotary impeller Complex construction IJ28 Unsuitable for pigmented inks Acoustic lens Large area required 1993 Hadimioglu et al, Only relevant for acoustic ink jets EUP 550,192 1993 Elrod et al, EUP 572,220 Sharp Difficult to fabricate using standard VLSI Tone-jet conductive processes for a surface ejecting ink-jet point Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets

ACTUATOR MOTION Actuator motion Description Advantages Volume The volume of the actuator changes, Simple construction in the case of expansion pushing the ink in all directions. thermal ink jet Linear, normal The actuator moves in a direction normal Efficient coupling to ink drops to chip surface to the print head surface. The nozzle is ejected normal to the surface typically in the line of movement. Linear, parallel The actuator moves parallel to the print Suitable for planar fabrication to chip surface head surface. Drop ejection may still be normal to the surface. Membrane push An actuator with a high force but small The effective area of the actuator area is used to push a stiff membrane that becomes the membrane area is in contact with the ink. Rotary The actuator causes the rotation of some Rotary levers may be used to element, such a grill or impeller increase travel Small chip area requirements Bend The actuator bends when energized. This A very small change in may be due to differential thermal dimensions can be converted to expansion, piezoelectric expansion, a large motion. magnetostriction, or other form of relative dimensional change. Swivel The actuator swivels around a central Allows operation where the net pivot. This motion is suitable where there linear force on the paddle is are opposite forces applied to opposite zero sides of the paddle, e.g. Lorenz force. Small chip area requirements Straighten The actuator is normally bent, and Can be used with shape memory straightens when energized. alloys where the austenic phase is planar Double bend The actuator bends in one direction when One actuator can be used to one element is energized, and bends the power two nozzles. other way when another element is Reduced chip size. energized. Not sensitive to ambient temperature Shear Energizing the actuator causes a shear Can increase the effective travel motion in the actuator material. of piezoelectric actuators Radial The actuator squeezes an ink reservoir, Relatively easy to fabricate single constriction forcing ink from a constricted nozzle. nozzles from glass tubing as macroscopic structures Coil/uncoil A coiled actuator uncoils or coils more Easy to fabricate as a planar VLSI tightly. The motion of the free end of the process actuator ejects the ink. Small area required, therefore low cost Bow The actuator bows (or buckles) in the Can increase the speed of travel middle when energized. Mechanically rigid Push-Pull Two actuators control a shutter. One The structure is pinned at both actuator pulls the shutter, and the other ends, so has a high out-of- pushes it. plane rigidity Curl inwards A set of actuators curl inwards to reduce Good fluid flow to the region the volume of ink that they enclose. behind the actuator increases efficiency Curl outwards A set of actuators curl outwards, Relatively simple construction pressurizing ink in a chamber surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a nozzle in the chamber. Iris Multiple vanes enclose a volume of ink. High efficiency These simultaneously rotate, reducing Small chip area the volume between the vanes. Acoustic The actuator vibrates at a high frequency. The actuator can be physically vibration distant from the ink None In various ink jet designs the actuator No moving parts does not move. Actuator motion Disadvantages Examples Volume High energy is typically required to achieve Hewlett-Packard Thermal expansion volume expansion. This leads to thermal Inkjet stress, cavitation, and kogation in thermal Canon Bubblejet ink jet implementations Linear, normal High fabrication complexity may be required IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ07 to chip surface to achieve perpendicular motion IJ11, IJ14 Linear, parallel Fabrication complexity IJ12, IJ13, IJ15, IJ33, to chip surface Friction IJ34, IJ35, IJ36 Stiction Membrane push Fabrication complexity 1982 Howkins U.S. Pat. No. Actuator size 4,459,601 Difficulty of integration in a VLSI process Rotary Device complexity IJ05, IJ08, IJ13, IJ28 May have friction at a pivot point Bend Requires the actuator to be made from at least 1970 Kyser et al U.S. Pat. No. two distinct layers, or to have a thermal 3,946,398 difference across the actuator 1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No. 3,747,120 IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, IJ19 IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ29 IJ30, IJ31, IJ33, IJ34 IJ35 Swivel Inefficient coupling to the ink motion IJ06 Straighten Requires careful balance of stresses to ensure IJ26, IJ32 that the quiescent bend is accurate Double bend Difficult to make the drops ejected by both IJ36, IJ37, IJ38 bend directions identical. A small efficiency loss compared to equivalent single bend actuators. Shear Not readily applicable to other actuator 1985 Fishbeck U.S. Pat. No. mechanisms 4,584,590 Radial High force required 1970 Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. constriction Inefficient 3,683,212 Difficult to integrate with VLSI processes Coil/uncoil Difficult to fabricate for non-planar devices IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 Poor out-of-plane stiffness Bow Maximum travel is constrained IJ16, IJ18, IJ27 High force required Push-Pull Not readily suitable for inkjets which directly IJ18 push the ink Curl inwards Design complexity IJ20, IJ42 Curl outwards Relatively large chip area IJ43 Iris High fabrication complexity IJ22 Not suitable for pigmented inks Acoustic Large area required for efficient operation at 1993 Hadimioglu et al, vibration useful frequencies EUP 550,192 Acoustic coupling and crosstalk 1993 Elrod et al, EUP Complex drive circuitry 572,220 Poor control of drop volume and position None Various other tradeoffs are required to Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 eliminate moving parts A2 and related patent applications Tone-jet

NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Nozzle refill method Description Advantages Surface tension After the actuator is energized, it Fabrication simplicity typically returns rapidly to its normal Operational simplicity position. This rapid return sucks in air through the nozzle opening. The ink surface tension at the nozzle then exerts a small force restoring the meniscus to a minimum area. Shuttered Ink to the nozzle chamber is provided at High speed oscillating ink a pressure that oscillates at twice the Low actuator energy, as the pressure drop ejection frequency. When a drop is actuator need only open or to be ejected, the shutter is opened for 3 close the shutter, instead of half cycles: drop ejection, actuator ejecting the ink drop return, and refill. Refill actuator After the main actuator has ejected a High speed, as the nozzle is drop a second (refill) actuator is actively refilled energized. The refill actuator pushes ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator returns slowly, to prevent its return from emptying the chamber again. Positive ink The ink is held a slight positive pressure. High refill rate, therefore a high pressure After the ink drop is ejected, the nozzle drop repetition rate is possible chamber fills quickly as surface tension and ink pressure both operate to refill the nozzle. Nozzle refill method Disadvantages Examples Surface tension Low speed Thermal inkjet Surface tension force relatively Piezoelectric inkjet small compared to actuator force IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 Long refill time usually IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45 dominates the total repetition rate Shuttered Requires common ink IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 oscillating ink May not be suitable for pigmented inks IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 pressure Refill actuator Requires two independent actuators per nozzle IJ09 Positive ink Surface spill must be prevented Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 pressure Highly hydrophobic print head surfaces are A2 and related patent required applications Alternative for: IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14 IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45

METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Inlet back-flow restriction method Description Advantages Long inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle Design simplicity channel chamber is made long and relatively Operational simplicity narrow, relying on viscous drag to reduce Reduces crosstalk inlet back-flow. Positive ink The ink is under a positive pressure, so Drop selection and separation pressure that in the quiescent state some of the ink forces can be reduced drop already protrudes from the nozzle. Fast refill time This reduces the pressure in the nozzle chamber which is required to eject a certain volume of ink. The reduction in chamber pressure results in a reduction in ink pushed out through the inlet. Baffle One or more baffles are placed in the The refill rate is not as restricted inlet ink flow. When the actuator is as the long inlet method. energized, the rapid ink movement Reduces crosstalk creates eddies which restrict the flow through the inlet. The slower refill process is unrestricted, and does not result in eddies. Flexible flap In this method recently disclosed by Significantly reduces back-flow restricts inlet Canon, the expanding actuator (bubble) for edge-shooter thermal ink pushes on a flexible flap that restricts the jet devices inlet. Inlet filter A filter is located between the ink inlet Additional advantage of ink and the nozzle chamber. The filter has a filtration multitude of small holes or slots, Ink filter may be fabricated with restricting ink flow. The filter also no additional process steps removes particles which may block the nozzle. Small inlet The ink inlet channel to the nozzle Design simplicity compared to chamber has a substantially smaller cross nozzle section than that of the nozzle, resulting in easier ink egress out of the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet shutter A secondary actuator controls the Increases speed of the ink-jet print position of a shutter, closing off the ink head operation inlet when the main actuator is energized. The inlet is The method avoids the problem of inlet Back-flow problem is eliminated located behind back-flow by arranging the ink-pushing the ink-pushing surface of the actuator between the inlet surface and the nozzle. Part of the The actuator and a wall of the ink Significant reductions in back- actuator moves chamber are arranged so that the motion flow can be achieved to shut off the of the actuator closes off the inlet. Compact designs possible inlet Nozzle actuator In some configurations of ink jet, there is Ink back-flow problem is does not result no expansion or movement of an actuator eliminated in ink back-flow which may cause ink back-flow through the inlet. Inlet back-flow restriction method Disadvantages Examples Long inlet Restricts refill rate Thermal inkjet channel May result in a relatively large chip area Piezoelectric inkjet Only partially effective IJ42, IJ43 Positive ink Requires a method (such as a nozzle rim or Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 pressure effective hydrophobizing, or both) to A2 and related patent prevent flooding of the ejection surface of applications the print head. Possible operation of the following: IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12 IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22, IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ41 IJ44 Baffle Design complexity HP Thermal Ink Jet May increase fabrication complexity (e.g. Tektronix piezoelectric ink Tektronix hot melt Piezoelectric print jet heads). Flexible flap Not applicable to most inkjet configurations Canon restricts inlet Increased fabrication complexity Inelastic deformation of polymer flap results in creep over extended use Inlet filter Restricts refill rate IJ04, IJ12, IJ24, IJ27 May result in complex construction IJ29, IJ30 Small inlet Restricts refill rate IJ02, IJ37, IJ44 compared to May result in a relatively large chip area nozzle Only partially effective Inlet shutter Requires separate refill actuator and drive IJ09 circuit The inlet is Requires careful design to minimize the IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06 located behind negative pressure behind the paddle IJ07, IJ10, IJ11, IJ14 the ink-pushing IJ16, IJ22, IJ23, IJ25 surface IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33 IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ39 IJ40, IJ41 Part of the Small increase in fabrication complexity IJ07, IJ20, IJ26, IJ38 actuator moves to shut off the inlet Nozzle actuator None related to ink back-flow on actuation Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 does not result A2 and related patent in ink back-flow applications Valve-jet Tone-jet IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 IJ18, IJ19, IJ21

NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Nozzle Clearing method Description Advantages Normal nozzle All of the nozzles are fired periodically, No added complexity on the print firing before the ink has a chance to dry. When head not in use the nozzles are sealed (capped) against air. The nozzle firing is usually performed during a special clearing cycle, after first moving the print head to a cleaning station. Extra power to In systems which heat the ink, but do not Can be highly effective if the ink heater boil it under normal situations, nozzle heater is adjacent to the nozzle clearing can be achieved by over- powering the heater and boiling ink at the nozzle. Rapid The actuator is fired in rapid succession. Does not require extra drive succession of In some configurations, this may cause circuits on the print head actuator pulses heat build-up at the nozzle which boils Can be readily controlled and the ink, clearing the nozzle. In other initiated by digital logic situations, it may cause sufficient vibrations to dislodge clogged nozzles. Extra power to Where an actuator is not normally driven A simple solution where ink pushing to the limit of its motion, nozzle clearing applicable actuator may be assisted by providing an enhanced drive signal to the actuator. Acoustic An ultrasonic wave is applied to the ink A high nozzle clearing capability resonance chamber. This wave is of an appropriate can be achieved amplitude and frequency to cause May be implemented at very low sufficient force at the nozzle to clear cost in systems which already blockages. This is easiest to achieve if include acoustic actuators the ultrasonic wave is at a resonant frequency of the ink cavity. Nozzle clearing A microfabricated plate is pushed against Can clear severely clogged plate the nozzles. The plate has a post for nozzles every nozzle. The array of posts Ink pressure The pressure of the ink is temporarily May be effective where other pulse increased so that ink streams from all of methods cannot be used the nozzles. This may be used in conjunction with actuator energizing. Print head wiper A flexible ‘blade’ is wiped across the Effective for planar print head print head surface. The blade is usually surfaces fabricated from a flexible polymer, e.g. Low cost rubber or synthetic elastomer. Separate ink A separate heater is provided at the Can be effective where other boiling heater nozzle although the normal drop e-ection nozzle clearing methods mechanism does not require it. The cannot be used heaters do not require individual drive Can be implemented at no circuits, as many nozzles can be cleared additional cost in some inkjet simultaneously, and no imaging is configurations required. Nozzle Clearing method Disadvantages Examples Normal nozzle May not be sufficient to displace dried ink Most ink jet systems firing IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12 IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22 IJ23-IJ34, IJ36-IJ45 Extra power to Requires higher drive voltage for clearing Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 ink heater May require larger drive transistors A2 and related patent applications Rapid Effectiveness depends substantially upon the May be used with: succession of configuration of the inkjet nozzle IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ11 actuator pulses IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22 IJ23-IJ25, IJ27-IJ34 IJ36-IJ45 Extra power to Not suitable where there is a hard limit to May be used with: ink pushing actuator movement IJ03, IJ09, IJ16, IJ20 actuator IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ27 IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42 IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 Acoustic High implementation cost if system does not IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17 resonance already include an acoustic actuator IJ18, IJ19, IJ21 Nozzle clearing Accurate mechanical alignment is required Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 plate Moving parts are required A2 and related patent There is risk of damage to the nozzles applications Accurate fabrication is required Ink pressure Requires pressure pump or other pressure May be used with all IJ pulse actuator series ink jets Expensive Wasteful of ink Print head wiper Difficult to use if print head surface is non- Many ink jet systems planar or very fragile Requires mechanical parts Blade can wear out in high volume print systems Separate ink Fabrication complexity Can be used with many IJ boiling heater series ink jets

NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Nozzle plate construction Description Advantages Electroformed A nozzle plate is separately fabricated Fabrication simplicity nickel from electroformed nickel, and bonded to the print head chip. Laser ablated or Individual nozzle holes are ablated by an No masks required drilled polymer intense UV laser in a nozzle plate, which Can be quite fast is typically a polymer such as polyimide Some control over nozzle profile or polysulphone is possible Equipment required is relatively low cost Silicon micromachined A separate nozzle plate is High accuracy is attainable micromachined from single crystal silicon, and bonded to the print head wafer. Glass capillaries Fine glass capillaries are drawn from No expensive equipment required glass tubing. This method has been used Simple to make single nozzles for making individual nozzles, but is difficult to use for bulk manufacturing of print heads with thousands of nozzles. Monolithic, The nozzle plate is deposited as a layer High accuracy (<1 μm) surface micromachined using standard VLSI deposition Monolithic using techniques. Nozzles are etched in the Low cost VLSI nozzle plate using VLSI lithography and Existing processes can be used lithographic etching. processes Monolithic, The nozzle plate is a buried etch stop in High accuracy (<1 μm) etched through the wafer. Nozzle chambers are etched in Monolithic substrate the front of the wafer, and the wafer is Low cost thinned from the back side. Nozzles are No differential expansion then etched in the etch stop layer. No nozzle plate Various methods have been tried to No nozzles to become clogged eliminate the nozzles entirely, to prevent nozzle clogging. These include thermal bubble mechanisms and acoustic lens mechanisms Trough Each drop ejector has a trough through Reduced manufacturing which a paddle moves. There is no complexity nozzle plate. Monolithic Nozzle slit The elimination of nozzle holes and No nozzles to become clogged instead of replacement by a slit encompassing individual many actuator positions reduces nozzle nozzles clogging, but increases crosstalk due to ink surface waves Nozzle plate construction Disadvantages Examples Electroformed High temperatures and pressures are required Hewlett Packard Thermal Inkjet nickel to bond nozzle plate Minimum thickness constraints Differential thermal expansion Laser ablated or Each hole must be individually formed Canon Bubblejet drilled polymer Special equipment required 1988 Sercel et al., SPIE, Slow where there are many thousands of Vol. 998 Excimer Beam nozzles per print head Applications, pp. 76-83 May produce thin burrs at exit holes 1993 Watanabe et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,604 Silicon micromachined Two part construction K. Bean, IEEE High cost Transactions on Requires precision alignment Electron Devices, Vol. Nozzles may be clogged by adhesive ED-25, No. 10, 1978, pp 1185-1195 Xerox 1990 Hawkins et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Glass capillaries Very small nozzle sizes are difficult to form 1970 Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. Not suited for mass production 3,683,212 Monolithic, Requires sacrificial layer under the nozzle Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 surface micromachined plate to form the nozzle chamber A2 and related patent using Surface may be fragile to the touch applications VLSI IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ11 lithographic IJ12, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20 processes IJ22, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28 IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32 IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37 IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41 IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Monolithic, Requires long etch times IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, IJ07 etched through Requires a support wafer IJ08, IJ09, IJ10, IJ13 substrate IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, IJ19 IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, IJ26 No nozzle plate Difficult to control drop position accurately Ricoh 1995 Sekiya et al Crosstalk problems U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,413 1993 Hadimioglu et al EUP 550,192 1993 Elrod et al EUP 572,220 Trough Drop firing direction is sensitive to wicking. IJ35 Nozzle slit Difficult to control drop position accurately 1989 Saito et al U.S. Pat. No. instead of Crosstalk problems 4,799,068 individual nozzles

DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Ejection direction Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Edge Ink flow is along the surface of the chip, Simple construction Nozzles limited to edge Canon Bubblejet 1979 (‘edge and ink drops are ejected from the chifp No silicon etching required High resolution is difficult Endo et al GB patent shooter’) edge. Good heat sinking via substrate Fast color printing requires 2,007,162 Mechanically strong one print head per color Xerox heater-in-pit 1990 Ease of chip handing Hawkins et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Tone-jet Surface Ink flow is along the surface of the chip, No bulk silicon etching required Maximum ink flow is Hewlett-Packard TIJ 1982 (‘roof and ink drops are ejected from the chip Silicon can make an effective heat severely restricted Vaught et al shooter’) surface, normal to the plane of the chip. sink U.S. Pat. No. Mechanical strength IJ02, IJ11, IJ12, IJ20 4,490,728 IJ22 Through Ink flow is through the chip, and ink High ink flow Requires bulk silicon Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 chip, drops are ejected from the front surface Suitable for pagewidth print etching A2 and related patent forward (‘up of the chip. High nozzle packing density applications shooter’) therefore low manufacturing IJ04, IJ17, IJ18, IJ24 cost IJ27-IJ45 Through Ink flow is through the chip, and ink High ink flow Requires wafer thinning IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06 chip, drops are ejected from the rear surface of Suitable for pagewidth print Requires special handling IJ07, IJ08, IJ09, IJ10 reverse the chip. High nozzle packing density during manufacture IJ13, IJ14, IJ15, IJ16 (‘down therefore low manufacturing IJ19, IJ21, IJ23, IJ25 shooter’) cost IJ26 Through Ink flow is through the actuator, which is Suitable for piezoelectric print Pagewidth print heads Epson Stylus actuator not fabricated as part of the same heads require several Tektronix hot melt substrate as the drive transistors. thousand connections piezoelectric ink jets to drive circuits Cannot be manufactured in standard CMOS fabs Complex assembly required

INK TYPE Ink type Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Aqueous, dye Water based ink which typically Environmentally friendly Slow drying Most existing inkjets contains: water, dye, surfactant, No odor Corrosive All IJ series ink jets humectant, and biocide. Bleeds on paper Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 Modern ink dyes have high water- May strikethrough A2 and related patent fastness, light fastness Cockles paper applications Aqueous, Water based ink which typically Environmentally friendly Slow drying IJ02, IJ04, IJ21, IJ26 pigment contains: water, pigment, surfactant, No odor Corrosive IJ27, IJ30 humectant, and biocide. Reduced bleed Pigment may clog nozzles Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 Pigments have an advantage in reduced Reduced wicking Pigment may clog actuator A2 and related patent bleed, wicking and strikethrough. Reduced strikethrough mechanisms applications Cockles paper Piezoelectric ink-jets Thermal ink jets (with significant restrictions) Methyl Ethyl MEK is a highly volatile solvent used for Very fast drying Odorous All IJ series ink jets Ketone (MEK) industrial printing on difficult surfaces Prints on various substrates Flammable such as aluminum cans. such as metals and plastics Alcohol Alcohol based inks can be used where Fast drying Slight odor All IJ series ink jets (ethanol, 2- the printer must operate at temperatures Operates at sub-freezing Flammable butanol, and below the freezing point of water. An temperatures others) example of this is in-camera consumer Reduced paper cockle photographic printing. Low cost Phase change The ink is solid at room temperature, and No drying time-ink instantly High viscosity Tektronix hot melt (hot melt) is melted in the print head before jetting. freezes on the print medium Printed ink typically piezoelectric ink jets Hot melt inks are usually wax based, Almost any print medium has a ‘waxy’ feel 1989 Nowak U.S. Pat. No. with a melting point around 80° C. After can be used Printed pages may ‘block’ 4,820,346 jetting the ink freezes almost instantly No paper cockle occurs Ink temperature may be All IJ series ink jets upon contacting the print medium or a No wicking occurs above the curie point of transfer roller. No bleed occurs permanent magnets No strikethrough occurs Ink heaters consume power Long warm-up time Oil Oil based inks are extensively used in High solubility medium for High viscosity: this is All IJ series ink jets offset printing. They have advantages in some dyes a significant limitation improved characteristics on paper Does not cockle paper for use in inkjets, which (especially no wicking or cockle). Oil Does not wick through paper usually require a low soluble dies and pigments are required. viscosity. Some short chain and multi-branched oils have a sufficiently low viscosity. Slow drying Microemulsion A microemulsion is a stable, self forming Stops ink bleed Viscosity higher than water All IJ series ink jets emulsion of oil, water, and surfactant. High dye solubility Cost is slightly higher The characteristic drop size is less than Water, oil, and amphiphilic than water based ink 100 nm, and is determined by the soluble dies can be used High surfactant concentration preferred curvature of the surfactant. Can stabilize pigment required (around 5%) suspensions Ink Jet Printing

A large number of new forms of ink jet printers have been developed to facilitate alternative ink jet technologies for the image processing and data distribution system. Various combinations of ink jet devices can be included in printer devices incorporated as part of the present invention. Australian Provisional Patent Applications relating to these ink jets which are specifically incorporated by cross reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience. Australian US Patent/Patent Provisional Application Number Filing Date Title and Filing Date PO8066 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ01) 6,227,652 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8072 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ02) 6,213,588 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8040 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ03) 6,213,589 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8071 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ04) 6,231,163 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8047 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ05) 6,247,795 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8035 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ06) 6,394,581 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8044 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ07) 6,244,691 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8063 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ08) 6,257,704 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8057 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ09) 6,416,168 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8056 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ10) 6,220,694 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8069 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ11) 6,257,705 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8049 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ12) 6,247,794 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8036 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ13) 6,234,610 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8048 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ14) 6,247,793 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8070 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ15) 6,264,306 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8067 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ16) 6,241,342 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8001 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ17) 6,247,792 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8038 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ18) 6,264,307 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8033 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ19) 6,254,220 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8002 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ20) 6,234,611 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8068 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ21) 6,302,528 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8062 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ22) 6,283,582 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8034 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ23) 6,239,821 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8039 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ24) 6,338,547 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8041 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ25) 6,247,796 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8004 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ26) 09/113,122 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8037 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ27) 6,390,603 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8043 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ28) 6,362,843 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8042 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ29) 6,293,653 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8064 15-Jul-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ30) 6,312,107 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9389 23-Sep-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ31) 6,227,653 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9391 23-Sep-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ32) 6,234,609 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0888 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ33) 6,238,040 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0891 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ34) 6,188,415 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0890 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ35) 6,227,654 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0873 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ36) 6,209,989 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0993 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ37) 6,247,791 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0890 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ38) 6,336,710 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP1398 19-Jan-98 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,217,153 (IJ39) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP2592 25-Mar-98 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,416,167 (IJ40) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP2593 25-Mar-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ41) 6,243,113 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3991 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ42) 6,283,581 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3987 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ43) 6,247,790 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3985 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ44) 6,260,953 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3983 9-Jun-98 Image Creation Method and Apparatus (IJ45) 6,267,469 (Jul. 10, 1998) Ink Jet Manufacturing

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor fabrication techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable manufacturing techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience. Australian US Patent/ Provisional Patent Application Number Filing Date Title and Filing Date PO7935 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,224,780 Apparatus (IJM01) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7936 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,235,212 Apparatus (IJM02) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7937 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,280,643 Apparatus (IJM03) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8061 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,284,147 Apparatus (IJM04) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8054 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,214,244 Apparatus (IJM05) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8065 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,071,750 Apparatus (IJM06) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8055 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,267,905 Apparatus (IJM07) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8053 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,251,298 Apparatus (IJM08) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8078 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,258,285 Apparatus (IJM09) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7933 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,225,138 Apparatus (IJM10) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7950 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,241,904 Apparatus (IJM11) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7949 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,299,786 Apparatus (IJM12) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8060 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 09/113,124 Apparatus (IJM13) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8059 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,231,773 Apparatus (IJM14) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8073 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,190,931 Apparatus (IJM15) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8076 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,248,249 Apparatus (IJM16) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8075 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,290,862 Apparatus (IJM17) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8079 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,241,906 Apparatus (IJM18) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8050 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 09/113,116 Apparatus (IJM19) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8052 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,241,905 Apparatus (IJM20) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7948 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,451,216 Apparatus (IJM21) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7951 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,231,772 Apparatus (IJM22) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8074 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,274,056 Apparatus (IJM23) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7941 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,290,861 Apparatus (IJM24) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8077 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,248,248 Apparatus (IJM25) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8058 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,306,671 Apparatus (IJM26) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8051 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,331,258 Apparatus (IJM27) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8045 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,110,754 Apparatus (IJM28) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7952 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,294,101 Apparatus (IJM29) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8046 15-Jul-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,416,679 Apparatus (IJM30) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8503 11-Aug-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,264,849 Apparatus (IJM30a) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9390 23-Sep-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,254,793 Apparatus (IJM31) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9392 23-Sep-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,235,211 Apparatus (IJM32) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0889 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,235,211 Apparatus (IJM35) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0887 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,264,850 Apparatus (IJM36) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0882 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,258,284 Apparatus (IJM37) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0874 12-Dec-97 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,258,284 Apparatus (IJM38) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP1396 19-Jan-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,228,668 Apparatus (IJM39) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP2591 25-Mar-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,180,427 Apparatus (IJM41) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3989 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,171,875 Apparatus (IJM40) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3990 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,267,904 Apparatus (IJM42) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3986 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,245,247 Apparatus (IJM43) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3984 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,245,247 Apparatus (IJM44) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP3982 9-Jun-98 A Method of Manufacture of an Image Creation 6,231,148 Apparatus (IJM45) (Jul. 10, 1998) Fluid Supply

Further, the present application may utilize an ink delivery system to the ink jet head. Delivery systems relating to the supply of ink to a series of ink jet nozzles are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications, the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience. Australian US Patent/Patent Provisional Application and Number Filing Date Title Filing Date PO8003 15-Jul-97 Supply Method and 6,350,023 Apparatus (F1) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8005 15-Jul-97 Supply Method and 6,318,849 Apparatus (F2) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9404 23-Sep-97 A Device and Method 09/113,101 (F3) (Jul. 10, 1998) MEMS Technology

Further, the present application may utilize advanced semiconductor microelectromechanical techniques in the construction of large arrays of ink jet printers. Suitable microelectromechanical techniques are described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience. Australian US Patent/ Provisional Patent Application and Number Filing Date Title Filing Date PO7943 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS01) PO8006 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS02) 6,087,638 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8007 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS03) 09/113,093 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8008 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS04) 6,340,222 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8010 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS05) 6,041,600 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8011 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS06) 6,299,300 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7947 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS07) 6,067,797 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7945 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS08) 09/113,081 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7944 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS09) 6,286,935 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7946 15-Jul-97 A device (MEMS10) 6,044,646 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9393 23-Sep-97 A Device and Method (MEMS11) 09/113,065 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0875 12-Dec-97 A Device (MEMS12) 09/113,078 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0894 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (MEMS13) 09/113,075 (Jul. 10, 1998) IR Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a disposable camera system such as those described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience. Australian US Patent/ Provisional Patent Application and Number Filing Date Title Filing Date PP0895 12-Dec-97 An Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,231,148 (IR01) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0870 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR02) 09/113,106 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0869 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR04) 6,293,658 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0887 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 09/113,104 (IR05) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0885 12-Dec-97 An Image Production System (IR06) 6,238,033 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0884 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,312,070 (IR10) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0886 12-Dec-97 Image Creation Method and Apparatus 6,238,111 (IR12) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0871 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR13) 09/113,086 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0876 12-Dec-97 An Image Processing Method and 09/113,094 Apparatus (IR14) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0877 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR16) 6,378,970 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0878 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR17) 6,196,739 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0879 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR18) 09/112,774 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0883 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR19) 6,270,182 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0880 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR20) 6,152,619 (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0881 12-Dec-97 A Device and Method (IR21) 09/113,092 (Jul. 10, 1998) DotCard Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of a data distribution system such as that described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience. Australian US Patent/Patent Provisional Application Number Filing Date Title and Filing Date PP2370 16-Mar-98 Data Processing Method 09/112,781 and Apparatus (Dot01) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP2371 16-Mar-98 Data Processing Method 09/113,052 and Apparatus (Dot02) (Jul. 10, 1998) Artcam Technologies

Further, the present application may include the utilization of camera and data processing techniques such as an Artcam type device as described in the following Australian provisional patent specifications incorporated here by cross-reference. The serial numbers of respective corresponding US patent applications are also provided for the sake of convenience. Australian US Patent/ Provisional Patent Application and Number Filing Date Title Filing Date PO7991 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/113,060 (ART01) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7988 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 6,476,863 (ART02) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7993 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/113,073 (ART03) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9395 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 6,322,181 (ART04) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8017 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,747 (ART06) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8014 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART07) 6,227,648 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8025 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,750 (ART08) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8032 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,746 (ART09) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7999 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,743 (ART10) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7998 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,742 (ART11) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8031 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,741 (ART12) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8030 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART13) 6,196,541 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7997 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART15) 6,195,150 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7979 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART16) 6,362,868 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8015 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART17) 09/112,738 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7978 15-Jul-97 Media Device (ART18) 09/113,067 (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7982 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 6,431,669 (ART19) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7989 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 6,362,869 (ART20) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8019 15-Jul-97 Media Processing Method and Apparatus 6,472,052 (ART21) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7980 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 6,356,715 (ART22) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8018 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,777 (ART24) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7938 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/113,224 (ART25) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8016 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 6,366,693 (ART26) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8024 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 6,329,990 (ART27) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7940 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 09/113,072 (ART28) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7939 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,785 (ART29) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8501 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 6,137,500 (ART30) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8500 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,796 (ART31) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7987 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 09/113,071 (ART32) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8022 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 6,398,328 (ART33) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8497 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/113,090 (ART34) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8020 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 6,431,704 (ART38) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8023 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 09/113,222 (ART39) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8504 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,786 (ART42) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8000 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 6,415,054 (ART43) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7977 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,782 (ART44) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7934 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 09/113,056 (ART45) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7990 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 09/113,059 (ART46) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8499 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 6,486,886 (ART47) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8502 11-Aug-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 6,381,361 (ART48) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7981 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 6,317,192 (ART50) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7986 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 09/113,057 (ART51) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO7983 15-Jul-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 09/113,054 (ART52) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8026 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,752 (ART53) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8027 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,759 (ART54) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO8028 15-Jul-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,757 (ART56) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9394 23-Sep-97 Image Processing Method and Apparatus 6,357,135 (ART57) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9396 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 09/113,107 (ART58) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9397 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 6,271,931 (ART59) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9398 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 6,353,772 (ART60) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9399 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 6,106,147 (ART61) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9400 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,790 (ART62) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9401 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 6,304,291 (ART63) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9402 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 09/112,788 (ART64) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9403 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 6,305,770 (ART65) (Jul. 10, 1998) PO9405 23-Sep-97 Data Processing Method and Apparatus 6,289,262 (ART66) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP0959 16-Dec-97 A Data Processing Method and 6,315,200 Apparatus (ART68) (Jul. 10, 1998) PP1397 19-Jan-98 A Media Device (ART69) 6,217,165 (Jul. 10, 1998) 

1. A print roll unit comprising: an elongate core defining a plurality of elongate ink chambers, each for storing a respective type of ink; a roll of print media comprising a tubular former in which the core can be received and a length of print media which is wound upon the former; and a housing comprising a pair of molded covers which can be fastened together in a releasable manner to house the roll of print media.
 2. A print roll unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein the molded covers define complementary formations to enable the molded covers to be snap-fitted together.
 3. A print roll unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein one of the molded covers defines an elongate slot through which the print media can exit the print roll unit.
 4. A print roll unit as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a triplet of pinch rollers which are each rotationally mounted to the housing and are arranged to de-curl the print media as it is unwound from the roll.
 5. A print roll unit as claimed in claim 4, wherein the triplet comprises a single drive roller and a pair of passive rollers.
 6. A print roll unit as claimed in claim 5, wherein the drive roller is mounted to a first one of the covers and the passive rollers are mounted to the other one of the covers.
 7. A print roll unit as claimed in claim 5, wherein the passive rollers are snap fitted to formations defined by the housing.
 8. A camera comprising a print roll unit as claimed in claim 1 and a printer in fluid communication with the core and configured to print captured images on the print media with ink stored in the core. 